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Knee pain is the most common musculoskeletal problem that brings people to the doctor. With today’s increasingly active society, the number of knee problems is increasing. Knee pain has a wide variety of specific causes and treatments.
Anatomy of the knee
The main function of the knee joint is to bend, straighten and bear the weight of the body, along with the ankles and hips. However, the knee, more than just a hinged joint, also twists and turns. To perform all of these actions and support the entire body at the same time, the knee relies on several structures, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
Carcase
- There are four bones in the knee joint.
- The femur or femur comprises the upper part of the joint.
- One of the bones in the lower leg (or calf area), the tibia, forms the lower part of the joint that bears weight.
- The patella, or patella, runs along the front of the femur.
- The remaining calf bone, the fibula, is not involved in the weight-bearing part of the knee joint, but it does provide ligaments for stability.
Ligaments
- Ligaments are dense bands of fibers that connect bones to each other.
- The knee contains four important ligaments, all of which connect the femur to the tibia:
- The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) provide anterior and posterior (front and back) and rotational stability to the knee.
- The medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL), located on the inner (medial) and outer (lateral) sides of the knee, provide medial and lateral stability to the knee.
Tendons
- Tendons are bands of ligament-like fibers.
- Instead of tendons connecting bones to other bones like ligaments do, tendons connect muscles to bones.
- The two important tendons in the knee are (1) the quadriceps tendon, which connects the quadriceps muscle on the front of the thigh to the patella, and (2) the patellar tendon, which connects the patella to the tibia (technically, this is a ligament because it connects two bones).
- The quadriceps and patellar tendons are sometimes called the extensor mechanism, and together with the quadriceps, they facilitate the extension (straightening) of the legs.